When a massive power outage occurs, we are not only left without electricity at home, we also face an almost total disconnection from the digital world.Many experience a sudden loss of mobile coverage, inability to send messages, browse the internet, or even make calls. The question that arises in these cases is inevitable: why does the mobile network stop working when the power goes out?
The answer involves a combination of technical and logistical factors that affect the entire telecommunications infrastructure.From antennas distributed across the country to data centers and backup power systems, everything is interconnected and vulnerable to a power outage. Let's delve into how this network works, why it fails, and what can be done in a critical situation like this.
How does the mobile network work and why does it depend on electricity?
The mobile coverage we use every day is based on a complex network of base stations., also known as telephone towers, are responsible for transmitting and receiving the signals necessary for our phones to send messages, make calls, and access the Internet.
Each of these stations needs a continuous source of electricity to operate.In the event of a power outage, operators typically rely on generators or uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) that keep their antennas active for a limited time, typically between 2 and 8 hours, depending on battery capacity and maintenance.
The problem arises when that backup runs out and the electricity doesn't come back on. When a base station loses power, it stops providing service, which is equivalent to losing coverage in that specific area.This not only affects calls, but also other services such as internet access, video calls, and instant messaging.
Why do some areas maintain signal after a power outage?
During the first moments after a power outage, some users may remain connected for a few hours.This happens because some stations have better-sized batteries or generators with longer runtimes. However, this isn't the norm. Most are designed for short-term outages, not extended blackouts.
In addition, there are differences between operators and areas.While some large companies like Telefónica and Vodafone prioritize connectivity in key areas like hospitals and emergency centers, rural or less populated areas are the first to lose coverage when batteries run out.
Network congestion and saturation: another invisible enemy in the event of a power outage
Power outages aren't the only obstacle the mobile network faces during a power outage.In these situations, a side effect occurs that further complicates matters: the collapse of the network due to excess demand.
Millions of people trying to communicate at the same time to find out what's happening, notify family members, or simply get information. This avalanche of traffic overloads the capacity of antennas and servers, causing outages even in areas where power has not yet been lost.
Operators always recommend avoiding unnecessary calls and opting for text messages., which consume less bandwidth. It is also recommended to keep calls short and use 2G networks whenever possible, as they tend to be more stable in these situations.
Infrastructure does not only depend on antennas
The mobile network is just one part of the machine. Behind every call or message is a vast technological chain that includes data centers, fiber optic nodes, servers, routers, and switching systems..
If just one of these components fails—for example, a data center without a battery or a repeater station without a generator—communication is interrupted., even if you have a functioning antenna nearby. That is, even if your phone has battery and the nearest antenna is working, if the server for the app you're using doesn't have power, you won't be able to send messages or connect to the internet.
This explains why coverage can sometimes be briefly regained and then lost again., depending on how power is returned to different parts of the infrastructure.
What to do if you lose your cell phone during a power outage?
In these situations, it's essential to act calmly and adopt good practices that will extend your device's battery life and increase your ability to stay connected. Here are some recommendations:
- Activate power saving mode to reduce battery consumption.
- Disable unnecessary functions such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or location if you are not using them.
- Avoid heavy applications such as social networks or streaming videos.
- Use text messages instead of calls and prioritize 2G networks if your device allows it.
- Charge external batteries or power banks whenever possible.
- keep one handy radio with batteries or hand crank to receive updated information.
Are there alternatives if the mobile network is completely interrupted?
In the worst case scenario, where the mobile and fixed network go down completely and there is no internet access or calls, there are technological options that could offer partial or complementary solutions.
Satellite communication is one of them.Although not available to all users, there are cell phones capable of connecting directly to satellites, bypassing ground-based antennas. These solutions are typically used in military, mountaineering, or exploration contexts, but they could become vital tools in emergency situations.
Europe is working on its own low-orbit satellite system, the IRIS² project., which seeks to create a resilient and independent network to guarantee basic communication services even during massive power outages.
The importance of strengthening critical infrastructure
Improving the energy autonomy of base stations is one of the great challengesIncreasing battery capacity, using solar panels, or installing generators with greater autonomy are viable measures, although they are difficult to implement in urban areas due to lack of space.
Some alternative operators have already demonstrated that it is possible to maintain service under adverse conditions. Thanks to a robust contingency plan, reinforced human presence, and well-maintained backup systems, their work has been key to maintaining the connection of emergency services, hospitals, media outlets, and businesses with alternative energy sources.
During the April 28, 2025, blackout in Spain, millions of citizens experienced the limitations of relying entirely on a vulnerable power grid. Telecommunications, so common in our daily lives, suddenly became a scarce and fragile commodity. From antennas falling due to power shortages to saturation due to massive usage, it was demonstrated that our current system needs improvements in resilience and autonomy.
Although there are alternatives such as satellite communications or increased battery backups, preparation remains the best strategy: use your cell phone responsibly, have portable chargers, and learn to communicate with fewer resources. Share the information so that other users know the news.